Fix apt after accidentally installing Arch essential packages

During installation of Arch Linux, follwing the manual, I have accidentally mounted wrong root partition. I have Pop_OS! installed on second drive, and I mounted its root partition in step 1.11… Then I cluelessly ran
# pacstrap -K /mnt base linux linux-firmware, which of course ended with lots errors mentioning that some files already exist. But changes were made.

One day later, I have received a notification that Pop_OS! system can be updated. After running a sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade following error was printed (I am not posting full output coz it’s very long, but I may if it’s necesary).

dpkg: error processing package linux-image-6.12.10-76061203-generic (--configure):
 installed linux-image-6.12.10-76061203-generic package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 1
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-image-generic:
 linux-image-generic depends on linux-image-6.12.10-76061203-generic (= 6.12.10-76061203.202412060638~1740154617~22.04~b4b3ebc); however:
  Package linux-image-6.12.10-76061203-generic is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package linux-image-generic (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-generic:
 linux-generic depends on linux-image-generic (= 6.12.10-76061203.202412060638~1740154617~22.04~b4b3ebc); however:
  Package linux-image-generic is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package linux-generic (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up linux-headers-generic (6.No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.
                                                                                                                                              No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        12.10-76061203.202412060638~1740154617~22.04~b4b3ebc) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-system76:
 linux-system76 depends on linux-generic (= 6.12.10-76061203.202412060638~1740154617~22.04~b4b3ebc); however:
  Package linux-generic is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package linux-system76 (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already
                                                              Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.10.2-1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.26-1ubuntu3) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 linux-image-6.12.10-76061203-generic
 linux-image-generic
 linux-generic
 linux-system76
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

Now every attempt to run either of sudo apt upgrade, sudo apt --fix-broken install or sudo apt autoremove fails with following exactly the same error.

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  linux-image-6.4.6-76060406-generic
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
5 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 14.0 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
(Reading database ... 297495 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing linux-image-6.4.6-76060406-generic (6.4.6-76060406.202307241739~1694621917~22.04~ac5e1a8) ...
Failed to create symlink to vmlinuz-6.12.10-76061203-generic: Operation not permitted at /usr/bin/linux-update-symlinks line 64.
dpkg: error processing package linux-image-6.4.6-76060406-generic (--remove):
 installed linux-image-6.4.6-76060406-generic package post-removal script subprocess returned error exit status 1
dpkg: too many errors, stopping
Errors were encountered while processing:
 linux-image-6.4.6-76060406-generic
Processing was halted because there were too many errors.
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

I know that there is probably no simple solution to this, but could someone at least point me a direction to go with? Is fixing apt in my Pop_OS! even possible? Thanks in advance.