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Installing WSL Ubuntu 20.04 Distribution – WslRegisterDistribution failed with error: 0x80041002

I try to get Docker running on Windows 10 Home 10.0.19043 Build 19043 but for that I need a running WSL environment with a distribution on it. So I installed Ubuntu 20.04. from the Windows Store. But when I start the Ubuntu 20.04 application, I get this output in the terminal:

WslRegisterDistribution failed with error: 0x80041002

This issue seems to be well known and I tried all of the answers in all of these threads:

I have no idea what to do now. Is WSL actually broken beyond fixing it as end user?