A scary popup briefly showed, revealing that my microphone was in use.
I hovered the system tray icon which mentioned that “Windows Feature Experience Pack” was using it.
This only lasted about 1 to 2 seconds.
I then found evidence that I didn’t misread this, by looking through Settings and finding “Recent activity”:

Is it normal for a Windows service to randomly access my microphone?
Presumably if it is some lower-level service that manages the microphone, it would not be operating on the application layer, but some sort of driver layer, where I would not expect to be notified of its access.