Zend certified PHP/Magento developer

Magento 2.4.6-p3 attributes names as html text on page

After update to 2.4.6-p3 i see unnecessary HTML elements on the page, as if they were attributes.
I has all custom modules completely disabled, and of course i haven’t forgotten about bin/magento se:up etc – the problem remains.
This strange behavior has only been seen on one website.
What could be the reason?
Any idea?

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