Windows 11 clone from M.2 SATA to M.2 NVMe fails to boot – INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE (0x7B)

I cloned my system disk from an M.2 SATA SSD (1 TB) to a Samsung 990 Pro 2 TB NVMe using ddrescue (no read errors) from the rescueCD environment. During cloning I used an adapter to connect old m2 sata and new one was in m2 on board (gigabyte B365M DS3H which should support m2 nvme).

After cloning, I disconnected the old disk (removed the adapter) and left only the new NVMe installed.

BIOS/UEFI:

UEFI only, CSM disabled
New disk detected correctly; Boot option shows: Windows Boot Manager (Samsung 990 Pro 2TB)
Secure Boot enabled (also tested disabled)

Windows does not boot. It goes to Automatic Repair and then fails with:

INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE
Stop code: 0x0000007B

What works / what I verified:

gparted after ddrescue saw copies of all partitions (and unallocated space).
WinRE sees all partitions.
Windows partition is accessible from WinRE (e.g. H:Windows exists, my folders on that drive seem fine).
EFI partition exists I think (FAT32 ~100 MB).
bcdboot H:Windows /s S: /f UEFI completes successfully (“Boot files successfully created”).
chkdsk runs and completes (check was triggered in one of reboot-repairs).
Automatic Startup Repair does not fix the issue.

Disk layout:
Original disk (M.2 SATA, GPT, Windows 11 UEFI):

EFI System Partition
MSR
Windows (C:)
Recovery

I also have two ssd sata and two hdd sata. They should all be in the same sata ports as they were.

New disk is not yet expanded (I was going to expand C: in my Windows 11).

The only hardware change is M.2 SATA → M.2 NVMe. The system previously booted fine from SATA M.2. I have some bitlocked drives, but C was not encrypted. In gparted cloned drive looked fine as far as I can tell.