INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE BSOD after cloning a drive, but only when the old drive is still connected

I’ve used Clonezilla to copy my Windows installation to a new drive. I have done a disk-to-disk copy, from the old SATA SSD to the new NVME SSD. Upon removing the old drive, the new drive boots just fine and everything works. However, when I plug in the old drive and try to boot the new one, it will fail to boot with an INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE, before the old drive is picked up and boots just fine.

With the old hard drive unplugged and plugged in on separate attempts, just to be sure, I have tried:

  1. Using a Windows installation media to run Windows Startup Repair. It couldn’t find any issues.
  2. Using the same Windows installation media, Bootrec /fixMbr followed by Bootrec /fixBoot. I have also tried Bootrec /RebuildBcd on a separate attempt. No combination has returned any good results.

So my question is, what can I do so that Windows will boot from the new drive while the old one is still plugged in?