Unable to Place Order for New Customer in Private Browser Window Magento 2.4.6 p13

Scenario:
When a customer enters a credit card number (like 4111 1111…), the system should validate it in real-time and show either a red or green indicator light. Currently, this validation is not working.
Additionally, sometimes when clicking reCAPTCHA or the Place Order button, the entered card details disappear. After re-entering the card details, the validation works correctly. This issue only occurs for new customers using private/incognito browser windows. Regular customers using normal browsers can place orders without problems.

Environment:

Magento 2 version: 2.4.6-p13

Payment method: Default Braintree